Complete case brief of Nix v. Williams Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Complete brief of Nix v. Williams - Case Study Example During the preliminary of Williams, the court held that, even for the situation that Williams had not offered the enlightening expressions to the official; the body would have been recouped and utilized as proof against him (Nix). Procedural History The respondent, Mr. Williams was a psychological patient totally free. Williams kidnapped and killed Pamela Powers, a ten-year-old young lady from a YMCA on the 24th of December 1968 (Nix). Following two days, he went to the police, at another province †making the condition that he was not to be addressed during the way toward moving him back to Urbandale. One of the analysts began a discussion with him, and proposed to him that he expected to uncover the area where he had left the dead body, before a foreseen snowfall occurred (Nix). He consented to the proposition, and the headings he gave drove the investigators to the recuperation of the body (McInnis 397-446). After the recuperation of the body, Williams was indicted for the wro ngdoing, however dependent on Brewer v. Williams (1977), the Supreme Court held that there had been an infringement of William’s option to guide, similar to it was coordinated during the instance of Massiah v. US (1964). Therefore, his conviction was turned around. In any case, Justice Potter Stewart’s supposition brought up that the proof gathered from Williams could be utilized during a preliminary, in an established way (Nix). Following the conclusion, Williams was offered another preliminary, during which the lawyers dependable of his case moved a movement smothering the proof bases gathered through the cross examination by the investigators. Legitimate Issues The lawful issues to be resolved through the case included whether, proof prompting a capture could be absolved from case procedures, in view of the grounds that it had been gotten inappropriately. Choice of the Court The court, in light of the unavoidable disclosure tenet, held that the proof (body) would ha ve still been recuperated inside a limited capacity to focus. Hence, the strategy †through which the data prompting the recuperation †was gathered was not significant; along these lines the proof was conceded as proof against the litigant. The contradiction to the case, by Justice Brennan, kept up that the unavoidable revelation tenet puts together its contemplations with respect to a speculative case, where the alleged proof might have been recouped; hence, in regards to that it was recuperated through unlawful methods, it remained illegally gathered (McInnis 397-446). Lawful Analysis The primary explanation concerning why the exclusionary rule was reached out to the proof gathered through unlawful police direct was that, the channel taken was sufficient grounds to prevent the police from damaging legal and sacred assurances, without permitting blameworthy individuals to go unpunished. In view of the reason, the indictment was not to be offered more favorable circumstance s, than its case would have been, for the situation that the proof had not been gathered through an unlawful course (McInnis 397-446). In any case, on the other hand, the appointed authorities turned to the free source convention, which takes into account the affirmation of proof, which has been accumulated through implies that are autonomous of the sacred infringement. In spite of the way that the autonomous source rule didn't have any significant bearing to the case, the method of reasoning got from it was predictable and offered support to the selection of the inescapable revelation rule, to the exclusionary tenet. For the situation that

Web Presence Creation

Prologue To drive the situation about the significance of a web nearness home let us consider acquisition of vehicles in the US preceding 1995 (Schneider, 2009). During this time the way toward purchasing a vehicle was frequently trapped by forceful deals staff with ‘no haggling’ approaches taking the post position.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Web Presence Creation explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The outcome was numerous purchasers of vehicles regularly left businesses feeling befuddled, stressed or even cheated after an exchange (Schneider, 2009). Notwithstanding, this would before long change with the foundation of an online vehicle buy organization known as Autobytel in 1995 (Schneider, 2009). Through successful utilization of an online nearness vendors had the option to lessen costs by decreasing selling costs accordingly bringing about expanded deals volumes. The site required would be purchasers to enlist and offer some type of portrayal of the vehicle to be bought. Following the accomplishment for such endeavors it is accounted for that starting at 2009 over 90% of purchasers do some type of online research before purchasing a vehicle (Schneider, 2009). Electronic trade has enlisted a ceaseless and quick development in numbers until the year 2000. This dive influenced the business for a time of very nearly three years and in 2003 the online business industry started to give new indications of life. Along this line there has been an expansion in electronic store move instruments that have enormously facilitated the technique of online trade. In this report the online web nearness recommended will fall in the B2C class (Schneider, 2009). This classification shapes the mass on online business elements as it replaces the job of business to client situated trade. The report will give detail on the decisions made in the creation and foundation of the web site.Advertising Looking for exposition on i t? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is trusted that through the online nearness picked up by incorporation of a site the business can build deals volumes and address client needs to an improved degree. In the following stage the conversation will start by concentrating on the focal hub. Focal Node To start with the web nearness needs to lie upon a focal hub. To increase a superior comprehension of the term focal hub let the conversation depict shared (P2P) organizing (Shen, Yu, Bufford Mursalin 2010). Bit downpour is utilized for content dispersion and there is no focal hub on the framework. This is on the grounds that the information is put away on different interconnected PCs. For this situation the focal hub is a tracker that keeps information on which PC contains what information and how to locate the most limited way to finish an exchange of information. The focal hub for this situation keeps a rundown all things consid ered and ways to the information required. Anyway for our motivation the focal hub would best be a server utilized as a focal stockpiling point for all the information relating to the site (Helmy 2006). This hub will necessitate that the client utilizes some type of verification to access the data put away on the server (Helmy 2006). This is likewise the methodology to follow when refreshing or including any extra pages or information to the site. Every single other hub are associated with this PC through a work. The necessity to keep up verification and approval of all work hubs by this hub recommends the server will be very amazing to permit every one of these tasks are performed on schedule and in an exact manner (Helmy 2006). This topology has one significant burden in that including a solitary PC powers the expansion of cabling directly from the focal hub to the PC (Bangia 2005).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Web Presence Creation explicitly for you for ju st $16.05 $11/page Learn More In such a circumstance the related expenses of cabling are sensibly high. One bit of leeway of ongoing innovation that can be successful in the board of the topology is the utilization of Wi-Fi and communicate transmissions. This takes into account quick and modest expansion of hubs on the system. About Page This is the page the guests to the site will experience first when they visit the site (Kernek 2005). The location of this page is ‘www.yourdomain.com’ for this situation it will offer some data on the most proficient method to turn into a compelling radio moderator. Web radio has increased a ton of prominence and the utilization of record arrangements, for example, MP3 has incredibly facilitated the assignment of giving audience members a decent assortment of music and introduction (Kernek 2005). This idea was believed to be perfect given that radio permits the host to move the audience away from the self into the host’s mind. O ther than this is the way that dissimilar to typical radio, web radio is modest and is accessible anyplace there is a reasonable association with the web (Kernek 2005). Thus a web radio moderator was viewed as a proper decision for future endeavors. Interpretation As it has been referenced in the past segment the significant preferred position that web radio offers depends on cost. The setting up of an elective radio broadcast will require acquisition of costly gear for transmission and activity (Kernek 2005). This can be practiced significantly more effectively with the web as the transmission is free up to an appropriate association exists. This further recommends it is appropriate for fire up where starting capital might be an issue. Additionally by utilization of fascinating mixes of melodies the moderator can show audience members a lot about the outside world encounters (Heberlein 2002). A case of this is the measure of data Karl Haas has shown individuals corresponding to old style music.Advertising Searching for article on it? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Using a decent host and introduction tunes can be converged to make stories. It is accounted for a decent host can say a great deal without articulating a solitary word. This position was clarified by the $60 million brought by Real Networks up in mid 2004 for the left wing choice to conservative radio projects is evidence of the viability of web radio (Lee 2005). A few stations have exploited the web radio and order a detailed 40% tuning in over the entire of the USA (Lee 2005). Notwithstanding the above focal points of web radio it has been accounted for that a decent host is one fit for fulfilling listener’s interest (Geller 2007). The audience depends on a decent insightful and indisputable conversation on appropriate issues. As an individual the creator finds such work entirely charming and feels equipped for meeting the errand prerequisites given some time. Contributing Nodes Having secured all the fundamental material it is urgent to consider helpful connections that ma y increase the value of the site/nearness (Gearon 2010). It is accounted for that helpful connects to different locales with important data shows an ability to share and broadened information on the business (Masterson Pickton 2010). This additionally is known to be a decent strategy for improving ones web index positioning. The higher this positioning the more guests the site is probably going to draw in. A genuine case of a contributing hub is a connect to a station that offers an elective way to deal with the inquiries being discussed. By and by the case of the privilege and left wing radio broadcasts is a genuine guide to use as a rule (Martel-Lawson 2004). Tuning in to what the opposition is stating is a decent strategy to guarantee that the station stays reviving and pertinent to the audience members (Martel †Lawson 2004). Another famous method to give helpful contributing material is to give connects to item associates and backers. Notwithstanding that another well known strategy is the utilization of complimentary administrations that permits clients to feel a piece of the experience. It isn't phenomenal to see audience members win or get different complimentary blessings from the stations. These are the consequence of the maker having done some basis and can go far in helping audience members (Cherry Jacob 2005). Care ought to likewise be taken to think about connections with regards to the audience members (Neuman 2007). A few connections can even be utilized to create income just like the case with Google advertisement sense. References Bangia, R. (2005). Web and Web Design. New Delhi: Firewall Media. Cherry B., Jacob, S. R. (2005). Contemporary Nursing: issues, patterns and the board. St Louis: Elsevier Mosby. Gearon, L. (2010). Figuring out how to Teach Citizenship in the auxiliary School. Oxon: Routledge. Geller, V. (2007). Making Powerful Radio: getting, keeping and developing crowds: news talk data and character. Oxford: Elsevier. Heberlei n, L. A. (2002). The Rough Guide to Internet Radio. London: Rough Guides Ltd. Helmy, A. (2006). Autonomic Management of Mobile Multimedia Services: ninth IFIP/IEEE. Germany: International Federation for Information Processing. Kernek, A. (2005). Put Your Business Online. USA: Al Kernek. Lee, E. (2005). How web Radio can change the World. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse Books. Martel-Lawson, H. (2004). 200 Marketing Ideas for your site. Karrinyup, Australia: Marketing Cues. Masterson, R., Pickton, D. (2010). Advertising: An Introduction. London: SAGE distributions Ltd. Neuman, J. (2007). The Complete Internet Marketer. Australia: With a Cue Press. Schneider, G. (2009). Electronic Commerce 8e. Boston, Course Technology, Cengage learning. Shen, X., Yu, H., Buford, J., Mursalin Akon. (2010). Handbook of Peer to Peer Networking. New York: Springer. This article on Web Presence Creation was composed and put together by client Deborah Vega to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it acco

Excessive Exercise as an Eating Disorder Symptom

Excessive Exercise as an Eating Disorder Symptom Eating Disorders Symptoms Print Excessive Exercise as an Eating Disorder Symptom When Does Excessive Exercise Become Problematic? By Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS facebook twitter linkedin Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, is a certified eating disorders expert and clinical psychologist who provides cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 05, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 14, 2020 Stanislaw Pytel, Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Symptoms Treatment Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Link to Eating Disorders Risks Recovery Signs and Symptoms Treatment View All Back To Top Exercise is generally seen as a virtue; therefore, you may wonder how it could possibly be bad for you. For most people, exercise does confer significant health and mental health benefits. However, for those with eating disorders, excessive exercise is a common symptom and can play a role in the development and maintenance of the disorder. Our culture’s celebration of exercise makes it so that excessive exercise is often not recognized or taken as seriously as it should. This article will describe excessive exercise as it has been studied by eating disorder researchers, and then review how excessive exercise manifests itself in various eating disorders, the risks of overexercising, and what to do if you think you (or a loved one) are engaging in too much exercise. Overview Whereas most people would understand self-induced vomiting to be a negative eating disorder behavior, they would generally not think the same of exercise. Those who exercise excessively are often praised for their motivation and self-discipline. But taken to an extreme, this behavior can have serious consequences. In one of the largest studies on excessive exercise in eating disorders, excessive exercise was defined as any of the following:Exercise that interfered with important activitiesExercise that exceeded three hours per day and caused distress if the individual were unable to exerciseFrequent exercise at inappropriate times and places and little or no attempt to suppress the behaviorExercising despite more serious injury, illness or medical complication Link to Eating Disorders Excessive or driven exercise is a common component of different types of eating disorders. It may be found among patients with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and muscle dysmorphia, as well as other specified feeding and eating disorder (OSFED) and subclinical presentations. In the case of restrictive eating disorders, including anorexia, there is even some evidence that increased exercise may be a fundamental biological reaction.   Activity-Based Anorexia in Rats.  Animal studies have demonstrated that eating disorders can give rise to excessive exercise behavior, by inducing what is called “Activity-Based Anorexia” in rats. When researchers restrict rats’ food intake while giving them unlimited access to a wheel, the rats start running excessively. Paradoxically, these rats opt to continue running rather than eat during the short intervals of time food is made available to them. If allowed, they will literally run themselves to death. These rats display the puzzling behavior of self-starvation exhibited in anorexia nervosa. One would expect that rats (and humans) who are starving would become less, rather than more, active. Yet in young children who develop anorexia nervosa, restricted intake is usually accompanied by increased activity. Youngsters with anorexia often present as hyperactiveâ€"they won’t sit still, they fidget, and they often run around aimlessly. They do not express a conscious attempt to burn calories the way older adolescents and adults do. Thus, excessive activity or exercise is postulated to be a more basic drive that gets turned on by the energy imbalance of restricted intake. Exercise in Anorexia Nervosa.  Hyperactivity is a common, intriguing, and well-documented symptom of anorexia nervosa, noted as early as 1873 by the French physician Ernest-Charles Lasègue, one of the earliest writers about the disorder. Lasègue observed that patients with anorexia exhibited high levels of activity seemingly incompatible with their impoverished nutrition: Another ascertained fact is, that so far from muscular power being diminished, this abstinence tends to increase the aptitude for movement. The patient feels more light and active, rides on horseback [the French text also mentions: ‘long walking-tours], receives and pays visits, and is able to pursue a fatiguing life in the world without perceiving the lassitudes he would at other times have complained of. (Lasègue, 1873, p.266) In one study, 37 percent to 54 percent of patients with anorexia nervosa (depending on subtype) engaged in excessive exercise. Patients may underreport the amount of time that they engage in physical activity, making it hard for caregivers and treatment professionals to fully assess.   Exercise in anorexia nervosa is commonly described by patients as driven or compulsive. Physical signs of fatigue are ignored as patients continue to train despite being physically ill and low energy. One patient in a study about exercise reported: Before I attended treatment, I only sat down during meal times, or else I felt I did not deserve to sit still. I was incredibly restless, so it was difficult to relax…I feel like I am being compelled to exercise… Excessive exercise in anorexia nervosa is associated with younger age and higher rates of anxious/obsessional and perfectionistic traits. Exercise in Bulimia Nervosa.  Excessive exercise has been included in the diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa since the publication of DSM-III-R in 1987. The current diagnostic criteria (DSM-5) for bulimia nervosa specify that there is compensatory behavior for binge eating which can include self-induced vomiting, but also intermittent fasting, laxative use, diuretics, and exercise. Exercise as a Compensatory Behavior in Eating Disorders Excessive exercise is a common compensatory behavior in individuals with bulimia nervosa. In one study, 20 percent to 24 percent of patients with bulimia nervosa engaged in excessive exercise. Among patients with bulimia nervosa, excessive exercise is associated with greater baseline eating disorder severity as well as poorer treatment outcome. Exercise in Muscle Dysmorphia.  Excessive exercise is a common symptom of muscle dysmorphia, an emerging condition that affects primarily bodybuilders. Some researchers believe it to be a variation of anorexia nervosa characteristics of patients with a more traditional masculine gender identity. Currently, this disorder is classified diagnostically as a type of body dysmorphic disorder versus an eating disorder. Muscle dysmorphia is characterized by the persistent belief that one is not muscular enough and associated behaviors related to increasing musculature including an extreme exercise program and dietary intake designed to build bulk (often with a focus on protein). Supplements and steroids are sometimes used in the pursuit of muscle. Among men with muscle dysmorphia, approximately 71 percent lift weights excessively and 64 percent exercise excessively.   Muscle Dysmorphia Excessive Exercise in OSFED and Subclinical Disordered Eating. There is little research on excessive exercise in OSFED. In subclinical samples, the relationship between compulsive exercise and elevated scores on measures of eating psychopathology is well established. Behaviors such as dieting and exercise often coexist and reinforce one another. It is also the case that excessive exercise in the absence of disordered eating or disordered eating attitudes is believed to be less clinically significant and less impairing. Risks Exercise in patients with eating disorders and disordered eating can be dangerous. Patients may exercise and not fuel properly, putting themselves at risk for a variety of serious medical complications.  These complications can include electrolyte imbalances, heart problems, muscle wasting, injuries, and sudden death. Patients with anorexia often have weak bones and so may generally be more likely to experience fractures; the physical strain associated with over-exercising exacerbates this risk. The presence of excessive exercise among patients with anorexia nervosa is associated with longer inpatient treatment duration and a shorter time to relapse. Excessive exercise among individuals with disordered eating is also associated with a greater risk of suicidality.   Recovery Excessive exercise immediately following hospital discharge is a significant predictor of relapse. Exercise can both maintain the beliefs that keep one caught in an eating disorder and be physically counterproductive when weight gain is a goal of treatment. For this and other reasons, it is common for treatment professionals to recommend cessation of exercise in individuals with eating disorders until they are stable in recovery. The idea of allowing an individual in recovery continued participation in a sport as motivation to recover is enticing, but often backfires for the reasons cited above. Signs and Symptoms Excessive exercise may be difficult to distinguish, especially among athletes. The key feature that determines whether the exercise is problematic lies less in the quantity of activity than it does in the motivations and attitudes behind it: feeling exercise as a compulsion; exercising primarily to influence shape and weight; and feelings of guilt after missing an exercise session. An elite athlete may engage in more total time exercising than a person with an eating disorder, but we could define the eating disorder person’s exercise as excessive while the elite athlete might not have the attitudes about exercise that would qualify it as excessive or problematic. It should also be noted that the prevalence of eating disorders is higher among athletes, especially those in sports that emphasize leanness than it is in the general population. Thus, athletes who are exhibiting signs of an eating disorder should be assessed. If you (or a loved one) endorse one or more of the following items, consider whether you may benefit from seeking help:My exercise interferes with important activities such as work or socializing.I exceed three hours of exercise per day.I experience stress or guilt when I am unable to exercise.I exercise at inappropriate times and places and cannot suppress the behavior.I continue to exercise despite an injury, illness, or medical complications. Recovery advocate Jenni Schaefer has made the Compulsive Exercise Test, a measure used to assess excessive exercise, available on her website. Treatment If you or someone you know is exhibiting signs of excessive exercise and/or an eating disorder, eating disorder treatment, including psychotherapy, can help address both the eating disorder and exercise obsession. Cognitive-behavioral therapy, which helps to modify behaviors as well as underlying beliefs about exercise, can help individuals to develop moderation and balance. If you are a parent of a child in treatment, it may be beneficial for you to help limit or restrict their exercise. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Eating Disorders

Essay Cry Baby Complaints - 2299 Words

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Company had received a number of complaints about the product of â€Å"Cry Baby† doll after Christmas. The complaints were about the malfunction of the product that leakage of water and unable to cry when pressed the certain button, and the doll’s eyes were easily removed that harmful to children potentially. For that reason, an investigation into the incident was conducted. After interviewed with staff, the 120 complainants and looked into the data, reports and guidelines, we found that: 1. The cause of the incident was the unqualified plastic materials used in production from a new supplier. 2. The quality control guidance and safety regulations were obsolete that no more suitable for the company. 3. A significant†¦show more content†¦5 4) Details of Investigation†¦...............................................................P. 5 5) Findings......................................................................................P. 6 6) Conclusions.................................................................................P. 7 7) Recommendations i. External PR measures (by Cheng Oi-ngor, Carol)†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.P. 8-10 ii. Internal improvement (by Lee Hoi-tong, Jessica)..............P. 10-11 8) References................................................................................P. 12 INTRODUCTION Teams of Authorization On 29 December 2009, an urgent meeting with the managing director, Ms. Irene Tsoi, was held regarding a number of complaints received about our â€Å"Cry Baby† doll. Our team was assigned to investigate and prepare a report on findings and follow-up actions suggested. The investigation report is to be submitted by 15 January 2010. Background On 29 December 2009, a notice from the Consumer Council that they had received 120 complaints about our product - the â€Å"Cry Baby† doll. The â€Å"Cry Baby† doll was launched in January 2009. It can be filled with water and then â€Å"cries with tear† when pressed certain button. It is suitable for children over 3 years old. It was popular when first sold in the market. The dolls retail for $300 and about 1,000 were sold at Christmas. The complaints were mainly on two issues. The first one is theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Personal Narrative - My Sister’s Baby1640 Words   |  7 PagesMy Sister’s Baby Shut up. I do not hate babies, my sister responded after I could not hide my astonishment at her announcement. Although my mind was full of visions of her beating me up when I was little and she was in charge, I gave her a hug anyway and told her that I hoped she would be happy. Why not? She was married and financially independent; in fact, her work was extremely important to her. 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Testimony Definition Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2314 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? When individuals either witness or are a victim of crime they may be required to give evidence in court. This can involve recounting events that took place or identifying a suspect from an identity parade. Evidence presented in a trial contributes to a judge or jury deciding whether an individual is innocent or guilty and if the information provided by the eyewitness is incorrect then innocent people may be found guilty or guilty people may go free (Loftus, 1986). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Testimony Definition Example For Free" essay for you Create order With DNA testing, many individuals initially identified by eyewitnesses as being the perpetrator have subsequently been found to be innocent (Wells and Olson, 2003). Therefore, it is important that eyewitness testimony presented in court is accurate. The following essay will present research that has investigated why eyewitness testimony can be inaccurate and may consequently not be relevant in a court case. The essay will also consider whether children are accurate and reliable eye witnesses. Reconstructive Memory and Schemas When individuals observe an unusual event, such as a crime, their memory is often affected by their mental schemata, which involves prior knowledge and factors such as cultural background and values, and not solely information from the event. If there are gaps in peoples understanding of an incident they can reconstruct their memories so that they can make sense of them. The notion of reconstructive memory was proposed by Bartlett (1932, cited in Toglia, 2007, pp.240-241). Witnesses memories may be influenced by events that occur after the crime, for example, information from news reports in the media or other witnesses talking immediately after the event about what they saw or heard. This is relevant in particular to witnesses who observe one part of an event who then incorporate such information to elaborate and reconstruct their own memories. Toglia (2007) states that this is known as the misinformation effect and also source misattribution, which occurs when witnesses are unabl e to remember where the information originated from and they are then seen as being unreliable and not relevant to the court procedure. In their 1974 study, Loftus and Palmer found that the wording of questions affected the recall of witness. Participants watched a film of a car accident and were then asked to write a brief summary of what they had seen. They were then were asked questions about the accident using different verbs to describe the accident such as, how fast were the cars going when they smashed/hit/bumped each other? (Loftus and Palmer, 1974, p.586). The different words implied that the car was travelling at different speeds with some words implying a faster speed than other words. It was found that there was a 9 mile per hour difference between the slowest and fasted estimated speeds of the cars made by the participants. One week later, the participants returned and were asked further questions including did you see any broken glass and, depending on the verb used in the original question, the faster the car was perceived to be travelling, the more participants reported seeing broken glass, even though there was no glass in the film (Loftus and Palmer, 1974, p.587). The study supports Bartlett and the way in which witnesses can reconstruct their memories with their previous knowledge. In a similar study, Loftus and Zanni (1975) reported that more participants said they had seen the broken headlight, rather than participants who were asked if they had seen a broken headlight, even there was no broken headlight in the film. However, both studies were undertaken in a laboratory environment and involved participants watching films, therefore it may not be possible to generalise the findings to the way witnesses respond when witnessing real-life accidents. The studies show the importance of the way in which language can alter perceptions or memories of an event. This has been addressed by introducing a cognitive interview technique which Fisher, Geiselman and Raymond (1987) suggest avoids influencing the answers given by witnesses. If a car was travelling fast and was involved in an accident, it would be expected that there would be glass or a broken headlight, even though the witnesses (participants) did not see any in the film scenario. Individuals use their schemas to explain what happens in certain situations for example, how a burglar behaves or what type of objects would be present in a specific context, for example, the layout inside a bank or restaurant. Therefore, if something unusual is seen Loftus, Loftus and Messo (1987) argue that a witness will pay more attention to the unusual object. This has been found to be the case for crimes where weapons are involved. Participants in the Loftus et al. study were shown a series of slides of a crime in a fast-food restaurant where a customer either pointed a gun or a cheque at the cashier. It was found that there were more eye fixations on the gun than the cheque. In a second study, it was found that participants memory for events was poorer in the weapon scenario than in the cheque condition which according to Loftus et al. (1987) emphasises the focus on weapons. The Effect of Stress on Witnesses. Observing a weapon in a crime may cause a witness considerable stress and this may have an effect on their ability to accurately remember details. This has been demonstrated by Clifford and Scott (1978) in a study that involved participants watching a film of a violent attack and a control group that watched a less violent version of the film. It was found that participants who watched the violent film remember fewer details than the control group. As the study was conducted in a laboratory, it is possible that the stress experienced by witnesses to violent events is greater in real-life crime and therefore, suggests that accurate recall may be impaired. A review of the literature undertaken by Deffenbacher, Bornstein, Penrod and McGorty (2004) undertook a review of studies that investigated the effects of stress on eye witnesses and found support for the negative effects of stress on accurate recall. Stress was notably higher, for example, if suspect was present in a line-up in co mparison to the suspect being absent. A number of studies have attempted to induce stress-related scenarios to study the effects on participants as witnesses, although it could be suggested that this is unethical as it may cause the participants psychological harm. However, in a study with real-life witnesses who had been present during a robbery at gun shop where the perpetrator was shot dead, Yuille and Cutshall (1986) argue that stress may not have an adverse effect on memory and eyewitness testimony. The witness in the gun shop event had very accurate and clear memories of the event, which endured over a period of 5 months. Intergroup Bias Another factor that may influence the accurate memory of a crime in intergroup bias. Lindholm and Christianson (1998) found that the eyewitness testimony of Swedish students taking part in a mock crime scenario involving an armed robbery was influenced by whether the perpetrator was Swedish (in-group perpetrator) or an immigrant (out-group perpetrator). The participants in the study were both immigrant and Swedish students and when both groups were shown the film and asked to identify the perpetrator in a line-up afterwards the majority incorrectly identified an innocent immigrant. Both groups of participants typically identified an innocent perpetrator who was ethnically dissimilar more often than an innocent Swede. The study appears to show that witnesses can be influenced by biases and expectations regarding the type of person who is more likely to commit a certain type of crime. However, because the study involves a mock crime scenario it lacks the emotional aspects of a real c rime and witnesses may not have the same biases they demonstrate in a laboratory task. Loftus (1986) reports that in cross-racial identification by eyewitness, individuals are less accurate at identifying a member of a different ethnic group or culture than identifying features of a persons own race. Such findings would appear to be particularly relevant in contemporary, multi-racial society in the UK, and other countries. Alderson (2010) reports that the majority of men held for violent and sexual crimes in inner city London between 2009 and 2010 were black, however, black men have also been found to constitute the greatest number of victims of crime (e.g. 29% male victims of gun crimes, 24% of knife crimes). This can lead to the stereotyping of certain groups such as black men being responsible for violent actions in comparison to white men as found by Duncan (1976). Children as Eye-Witnesses There have been some concerns expressed regarding the relevance and reliability of children as witnesses. There may also be concerns about older people as West and Stone (2013) for example, report that young adults are more accurate in their recall as witnesses than older adults. Children who appear as witnesses in a court case may have been exposed to very stressful events such as sexual or physical abuse, which would be unethical to replicate in laboratory conditions. According to Bidrose and Goodman (2000), childhood sexual abuse is additionally accompanied by feelings of shame as well as a lack of emotional support because of the secrecy that surrounds such events. In a study undertaken by Bidrose and Goodman, they investigated the testimony given by four female children aged between 8 and 15 years, in a sexual abuse case in New Zealand and also assessed the level of support regarding the allegations. The findings showed that there was a high degree of support for the childrens allegations which was matched to audiotapes and photos of the abuse (Bidrose and Goodman, 2000). The real-life study indicates that childrens testimony can be highly accurate although the children in the study were older and younger children may not be able to articulate what happened to them in cases of abuse. KrÃÆ'Â ¤henbÃÆ'Â ¼hl, Blades and Eiser (2009) conducted a study with 156 children aged between 4 and 9 years to investigate the effects of repeating questions several times in an interview situation as a witness. The children watched a staged event and were asked eight open-ended questions, each of which was repeated 4 times. Some questions could be answered from watching the scenario although others could not, and it was expected that the children would say that they did not know the answer. The children returned again after one week. It was found that for over 25% of children there was a decline in accuracy which was greatest after the first repetition of questions. There was little change with the questions that could be answered but considerable decline in accuracy with those questions with no accurate answers. KrÃÆ'Â ¤henbÃÆ'Â ¼hl et al. (2009) concluded that if there is considerable repetition of questions with child witnesses, the accuracy of responses changes significantly and that if children cannot answer a question, they are more likely to fabricate answers with repeated questioning. Conclusion The evidence presented indicates that there are a number of problems around the issue of eyewitness testimony although it would appear that research has attempted to address some of the problems. This means that eyewitness testimony should be considered a valuable and relevant part of court procedure. Avoiding leading questions (Loftus and Palmer, 1974) and the introduction of the cognitive interview technique (Fisher et al. 1987) have helped to contribute to the more accurate recall of witnesses. Some problems are less easy to address, such as the stress experienced at a crime scene which may negatively affect recall although, Yuille and Cutshall (1986) have argued that in real-life witnesses are able to recall stressful events accurately. Similarly, intergroup biases are difficult issues to address in particular the perceptions of black people and their relationship with crime. Children as witnesses has a more positive outcome as their recall has been shown to be accurate (Bidros e and Goodman, 2000). A further problem is that of the methodology used when researching eyewitness testimony which is predominately undertaken in a laboratory and may not be generalisable to real-life situations. References Alderson, A. (2010). Violent inner-city crime, the figures, and a question of race. The Telegraph Newspaper, Retrieved on 5/10/2015 from; https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/7856787/Violent-inner-city-crime-the-figures-and-a-question-of-race.html. Bidrose, S. and Goodman, G.S. (2000). Testimony and evidence: A scientific case study of memory for child sexual abuse. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 14, 197-213. Clifford, B.R. and Scott, J. (1978). Individual and situational factors in eyewitness memory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 352-359. Deffenbacher, K.A., Bornstein, B.H., Penrod, S.D. and McGorty, E.K. (2004). A meta-analytic review of the effects of high stress on eyewitness memory. Law and Human Behavior, 28(6), 687-706. Duncan, S.L. (1976). Differential social perception and attribution of intergroup violence: testing the lower limits of stereotyping of blacks. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 590-598. Fisher, R.P., Geiselman, R.E . and Raymond, D.S. (1987). Critical analysis of police interviewing techniques. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 15, 177-185. KrÃÆ'Â ¤henbÃÆ'Â ¼hl, S., Blades, M. and Eiser, C. (2009). The effects of repeated questioning on childrens accuracy and consistency in eyewitness testimony. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 14(2), 263-278. Linholm, T. and Christianson, S.A. (1998). Intergroup biases and eyewitness testimony. Journal of Social Psychology, 138(6), 710-723. Loftus, E.F. and Palmer, J.C. (1974). Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 585-589. Loftus, E.F. (1986). Experimental psychologist as advocate or impartial educator. Law and Human Behavior, 10(1/2), 63-78. Loftus, E.F. and Zanni, G. (1975). Eyewitness testimony: The influence of the wording of a question. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 5, 86-88. Loftus, E.F., Loftus , G.R. and Messo, J. (1987). Some facts about weapon focus. Law and Human Behavior, 11, 55-62 Toglia, M.P. (2007). Handbook of Eyewitness Psychology. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Wells, G.L. and Olson, E.A. (2003). Eyewitness testimony. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 277-295. West, R.L. and Stone, K.R. (2013). Age differences in eyewitness memory for a realistic event. Journals of Gerontology, Series B, 69(3), 338- 347. Yuille, J.C. and Cutshall, J.L. (1986). A case study of eyewitness memory of a crime. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 291-301.

2008 Ap English (Rhetorical Strategies) Free Essays

Barry expresses his use of rhetorical strategies through is book The Great Influenza, using anaphora, metaphors, tone, contrast, imagery, word choice, repetition of words, and ethos to drive his claim that being a scientist requires dealing with a huge amount of uncertainty, and takes courage, patience, and curiosity to succeed. Barry starts off with a comparison, an antithetical concept: certainty vs. uncertainty. We will write a custom essay sample on 2008 Ap English (Rhetorical Strategies) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Beginning with a universal truth, defining complete opposites, intensifies the revelation of the paradox in the second paragraph that scientists thrive on uncertainty. His use of anaphora further solidifies the wisdom that certainty is positive and uncertainty negative. As he goes on talking about what is required to become a scientist he uses a rather common strategy classification, as he lists traits, receiving the highest order of these traits are intelligence, curiosity, and purpose. â€Å"It is not the courage†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"It is the courage†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is yet another use of anaphora to refine connotations associated with â€Å"courage† through negation of common concepts. Ending his second paragraph with reference to Claude Bernard, Barry is using the famous rhetorical strategy ethos. On the third paragraph he is still talking about scientists but he switches from â€Å"To be a scientist†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to â€Å"A Scientist†¦Ã¢â‚¬  changing from abstraction to practical. In this paragraph he also uses another reference to someone known and praised in the science world, this time Einstein. This could be looked at as ethos but also as an appeal to an authority. Initiating the thought of if he didn’t do it why should we. As he talks about how scientist could lose their â€Å"works† and â€Å"even beliefs† leaving them only to â€Å"believe in the process of inquiry† I take on pathos because that is powerful to think about losing everything, that definitely takes courage. But as he ends with â€Å"To move.. † your left with a hopeful tone. You could lose everything but you keep moving on. The next paragraph uses great rhetorical strategies, allusion, simile, and metaphor to build on top of each other creating intensity. â€Å"Through the looking glass† is an allusion suggesting going into a world that isn’t real r doesn’t appear to be. This leads to the simile â€Å"like a crystal†, which suggestion setting off a chain of events beyond the control of a scientist. Then ends with a metaphor â€Å"off a cliff† suggesting some steps could mean the end. As he proceeds to talk about a scientist career style of a scientist, he presents imagery of a scientist a work by creating a slight example with a shovel digging up dirt, asking a series of question to represent the thought process of a scientist. This imagery continues on to the next paragraph, and then in his ending paragraph the tone shifts. Not at all†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is a negation of previous paragraphs reminding you what is common to scientist’s id not in all scientists. The reputation of â€Å"experiments† and â€Å"yield†, changing the meaning: first meaning to produce as in â€Å"yielding a bumper crop† to suggest giving up as in â€Å"yielding to a superior force† Through Barry’s use of all of these rhetorical strategies, it is clear Barry is aware of the uncertainty science contains and the courage and strength it takes scientists to deal with this, and keep moving forward. How to cite 2008 Ap English (Rhetorical Strategies), Papers

Business Law for Australian Taxation Administration- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thBusiness Law for Australian Taxation Administration. Answer: What is the role of an ATO as an executive body? As per the given case, Ms Anstis has claimed a deduction in the income tax payable against her youth allowance income. The ATO has denied providing her with such deductions. Ms Anstis filed before the federal court of Australia and got an order in favor of her. The ATO filed an appeal before the High Court of Australia. The Australian Taxation Administration is dealing tax system in Australia. As per the TA Act 1953, the ATO acts as the executive body under the legislation and regulate the behavior of the tax payers in the country. The Australian Taxation Office is the main revenue collection body of the Australian government. The ATO is the statutory body of the government who has been given the power under the Australian Taxation Administration Act, 1953 to collect taxes in different tax system within the country (Alghamdi et al 2016). The ATO has the responsibility to execute and implement the tax system within the country and any other matter related to taxation and collection of government revenue within the country. As an executive body the ATO is to execute, implement and regulate the tax system within the country and regulate the behavior of tax defaulters and evaders in the country (Vann 2016). Does it make law? The ATO is an executive body formed under the Taxation Administration Act of the country. The parliament has given authority under the Act to formulate certain policies and regulations for the day to day smooth running of the taxation system in the country (Tran-Nam and Walpole 2016). ATO does not make statutory enactments but has the power to make rules and regulations under the taxation system in Australia. ATO engages and involves with other taxation departments on policy matters relating to tax and excise. The ATO has been granted with power by the government to instruct the OPC to prepare legislation which the ATO deems fit and necessary to administer the taxation system within Australia (Braithwaite 2017). How does this case reflect the interaction of the different bodies under the separation of powers doctrine? As per the given facts of the case there is an involvement of all the three tiers of the government. The three tiers of the government are the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. The Australian Federal Parliament and the state legislature are the legislative body that makes laws on the taxation system within the country (Smith et al 2016). The ATO is been delegated with the power of governing and administering the taxation system within the country. The ATO is the executive body of the three tier system of the government. Whereas the Federal Court of Australia and the High Court is the judicial body of the country who decide matters in dispute. In this given case, the ATO has power to determine the tax system and High Court has the power to interpret the laws made by the parliament. Thus all three tiers are separate from each other. However, all three tiers of the government has something common to each to keep a check n the powers of other body. As per the case, here the j udiciary by interpreting the law has check on using the absolute power on the general people of the country (Long Campbell and Kelshaw 2016). What is the significance of the High Court decision in terms of tax law as it is applied within Australia? The significance of the High Courts decision on the given case is that the High Court has the power to determine that the lower court has given the appropriate judgment as per the facts of the case. Reference: Alghamdi, A. and Rahim, M., 2016. Development of a Measurement Scale for User Satisfaction with E-tax Systems in Australia. InTransactions on Large-Scale Data-and Knowledge-Centered Systems XXVII(pp. 64-83). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Vann, R.J., 2016. Hybrid Entities in Australia: Resource Capital Fund III LP Case. Tran-Nam, B. and Walpole, M., 2016. Tax disputes, litigation costs and access to tax justice.eJournal of Tax Research,14(2), p.319. Braithwaite, V. ed., 2017.Taxing democracy: Understanding tax avoidance and evasion. Routledge. Smith, F., Smillie, K., Fitzsimons, J., Lindsay, B., Wells, G., Marles, V., Hutchinson, J., OHara, B., Perrigo, T. and Atkinson, I., 2016. Reforms required to the Australian tax system to improve biodiversity conservation on private land.Environmental and planning law journal,33(5), pp.443-450. Long, B., Campbell, J. and Kelshaw, C., 2016. The justice lens on taxation policy in Australia.St Mark's Review, (235), p.94.

Samsung Strategic Management free essay sample

1. Introduction 1. 1. Background The Samsung Group was founded by Byung-Chull Lee in 1938, in Taegu, Korea, as an exporter of dried fish, vegetables and fruits. Byung later established flour mills under the name Samsung, which means three stars in Korean language. He also produced confectionery machines in this period. In 1951, Samsung Moolsan, a holding company, was established which later The building of Samsung Sanghoe in Daegu in 1930s became Samsung Corp. in 1953, Cheil Sugar Manufacturing Co. was set up, which later became an independent company. In 1958, Samsung acquired Ankuk Fire and Marine Insurance (later renamed as Samsung Fire and Marine Insurance) and DongBang Life Insurance in 1963 which was later renamed as Samsung Life Insurance. In 1966, the Group founded Joong-Ang Development, an entertainment theme parks and services company, which was later renamed as Samsung Everland. In 1969, Samsung Electronics Manufacturing Co. (SEMC) was incorporated. In the 1970s, the Samsung Group forayed into the shipbuilding, chemical and petrochemical industries. We will write a custom essay sample on Samsung Strategic Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 1972, Samsung Electronics started to make black-and-white television sets for domestic and Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) markets in its factory in Seoul. In 1974, the Group acquired a 50% stake in Korea Semiconductor Co. a joint venture between Korean Engineering Manufacturing Co. and Integrated Circuit International. SEMC started exporting its products in the 1970s. In 1978, the Group’s electronics exports crossed the 100 billion won mark. In February 1984, SEMC was renamed as Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. In 1980, Samsung acquired Korea Telecommunications and merged it with Korea Semiconductor, forming Samsung Semiconductor and Telecommunications, which then merged with SEC in 1988. In mid 80s, the small design was divided into three product areas – domestic appliances, telecommunications and computers serving an engineering driven culture in Suwon. When Byung-Chull Lee passed away in November 1987, his son, Kyun-Hee Lee, became Samsung’s chairman. In 1990, an industrial design department was established under Kook-Hyun Chung, who had joined the company in 1977 as an industrial designer. In 1995, Samsung began to mass-produce LCD Page | 5 isplays for both computers and TV sets and grew to be the world’s largest manufacturer of liquidcrystal display panels after a decade. By 2005, Samsung overtook Sony as one of the world’s most popular consumer electronic brands and now holds a position of 19 in the world rank. Samsung is considered to be the second largest by volume producer of cell phones after Nokia with a leading market share in the North America and Western Europe. 1. 2. Company Profile Samsung is the World’s largest multinational conglomerate corporation founded in 1938 by Lee ByungChul in Samsung Town, Seoul, South Korea. It has been the world’s most popular consumer electronic brand since 2005 and is best known South Korean brand in the world. Samsung is an ethical business as a digital leader with a responsible global citizen and a multi-faceted family of companies. At Samsung Group and Samsung Electronics, the products, people and approach to business are held to only the highest standards so that they can more effectively contribute to a better world. The Samsung Group is composed of numerous international affiliated businesses united under the Samsung Brand including Samsung Electronics, Samsung Heavy Industries, Samsung CT and Samsung Life Insurance. These businesses have always been able to hold a position in the world’s top business ranking providing the most powerful revenue and market share worldwide. Samsung Electronics is the sole monopoly dominating a single market in Korea and now around the world for its fastest design based products. The company has a powerful influence on the country’s economic development, politics, media and culture, being a major driving force with a total of 173,965 employees till June 30 2010 (Samsung Company Profile). Samsung Financial Highlights in 2009: Revenue: Total Assets: Net Income: Total Equity: USD 172. Billion USD 294. 5 Billion USD 13. 8 Billion USD 112. 5 Billion Source: Samsung Annual report 2009 Page | 6 1. 3. Values and Philosophy Samsung Philosophy â€Å"Devote talent and technology to creating superior products and services that contributes to a better global society†. Samsung Values: People Excellence Change Integrity Coprosperity Samsung Values, Source: Sam sung Official Page | 7 1. 4. Samsung Vision â€Å"Inspire the World, Create the Future† Creative solutions Industry New techonology Innovative Products Partner Employee Samsung Vision, Source: Samsung Official Website 1. 5. Samsung Principles comply with laws and ethical standards maintain a clean organisational culture Samsung Business Principles respect customers, shareholders and employees care for environment, health and safety socially responsible corporate citizens Samsung Principles, Source: Samsung Official website Page | 8 2. Competition As a global company, Samsung Electronics did not hold its business disciples within Korea but decentralised them locating them throughout the world. R D investment grew from $1. 81 billion in 2001 to $5. 34 billion with an increment 9. 4 percent of sales. With around 32,000 researchers in 16 research centres, Samsung had one of the largest RD organizations in the world. In 2005 alone, it registered 1,641 US patents ranking fifth at the US Patent Office (Freeze Chung, 2008). The following figures show the financial trends since 2000 to 2005: 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Consolidated Sales 34. 6 35 48. 7 54. 1 78. 5 79. 5 Nonconsolidated Sales Domestic 27. 2 24. 4 33. 3 35. 4 55. 2 56. 7 8. 6 7. 9 9. 3 7. 8 9. 6 10. 2 Exports 18. 6 16. 5 24 28. 6 45. 6 46. 5 Net Income 4. 8 2. 2 5. 9 5 10. 3 7. 5 R D Expenditure 1. 59 1. 81 2. 42 2. 95 4. 59 5. 34 $ billion Samsung Electronics, financial highlights, 2000-2005. Source: Samsung annual reports. IMF Crisis of 1997 brought Samsung to the brink of bankruptcy. Samsung used the occasion to sell off some 100 business and to downsize the company’s workforce by 50,000 people. Samsung Electronics alone lost about 27,000 employees. But within a few years, the company was sustaining a sharp upward course on all fronts. Samsung increased its focus on its electronics division that has now become Page | 9 Samsung Electronics, which has gained global prominence as well as significant market shares worldwide despite from its Japanese and European counterparts. In 2005, the company reorganized into five businesses: Digital Media, Telecommunication Networks, Digital Appliances, Semi-conductors and LCDs. Many of its products enjoyed the leading market share worldwide. Below is the figure of Samsung’s market share in 2004 with selected categories of top three competitors: Samsung Market Shares 2004. Source: Samsung Company document The following figure shows the sales of Samsung Electronics in various regions in percentage. It largely enclosed the Asian market by 42% where as Europe being 24%, America 15% and Korea itself with 18% of sales. The least market share is held by Africa with just 1 %. Percentage of sales by region, 2005. Source: Samsung annual reports 2009 Page | 10 3. SWOT Analysis (Kamath et al. 2006) Strengths i. Market Leading Products: Samsung has a wide range of market leading products and enjoys a strong market position in most of its market segments. It is one of the leading manufacturers of digital TVs, memory chips, monitors, DVD recorders, printers, notebook PCs, DRAMs and much more. The company was the third largest cellphone seller with 12. 7 % global market share, as of the beginning of 2006. Being the market leader helps the company maintain strong brand image and attract customers. ii. Diversified Business Portfolio: Samsung manufactures a wide range of products. This enables the company to take advantage of opportunities within specific markets and locations and at the same time protects it from specific segment-related problems and makes it less vulnerable to a sudden decrease in demand for a particular class of products. The company operations are also spread over 5 major decisions: telecommunication network, semiconductor, digital media, LCDs and digital appliances, in addition to the plethora of products mentioned above. ii. Strong Brand and Global Presence: Samsung enjoys high brand awareness and reputation for innovation and quality. Its brand was ranked 20th in the world with over $ 14 billion value in 2005. A strong brand creates barriers to entry in the markets it operates in and helps guarantee future sales. The company operates in more than 30 countries whic h makes it a true global player. Almost 80% of its revenues are generated outside the Korean market. iv. High Returns: Samsung’s return on average assets, return on investment and return on average equity for the period of 2001-2005 were 10. 5 %, 18. % and 21. 9% respectively, significantly higher than corresponding electronics industry averages of 1. 9%, 3. 6% and 5. 1% respectively for the same period. High returns strengthen investors’ confidence and indicate the management’s ability to deploy assets profitably as well as take reasonable investment decisions. Page | 11 v. Strategic Alliances: Samsung has formed successful strategic partnerships with a number of well-known companies, examples being IBM, Microsoft, Toshiba, Sony and IMEC. Close relationships and cooperation with such companies provides Samsung with valuable technical knowledge. i. Focus on Research Development: Samsung’s strong RD operations enable the company to develop innovative prod ucts. The company’s research and development expenditure has grown from $1. 88 billion to $5. 44 billion over the last four years. The company filed 1,641 US patents in 2005, the fifth highest by a corporation in the US. Strong research focus has enables Samsung to develop several innovative products such as world’s largest LCD TV, the first Blue-ray player, the smallest colour laser printer and the first ultra-mobile PC. Weakness i. Poor Economic Performance: The company recorded poor operating performance in 2005. The operating profit declined by 36 % related to 2004. This decrease was mostly led by lower operating profit in LCD and digital media. Other divisions recorded diminished profits as well and the digital appliance division even had to face a loss. In the past few years the financial results were inconsistent, with repeated ups and downs concerning some crucial financial figures such as earnings before interest and taxes. Revenues declined mostly in America. Such under-performance can weaken the company’s financial position. ii. Bad Product Reception: The company’s sliding phones have not been well accepted in Europe, which affected sales and orders for components of these phones. Samsung may not be able to recover the expenses incurred from manufacturing the phones. iii. High Dependence on One Business: The company is highly dependent on semiconductor business to generate cash flows. The fact that one division contributes disproportionately to operating profit may turn into the firm’s disadvantage in case of a downtown in the sector. With the South Korea won strengthening and competition in the Page | 12 semiconductor business rising, Samsung may find it difficult to keep current profitability levels in this segment Opportunities i. Operating in an industrial with much possibility for innovation: Different electronic devices produced by Samsung offer countless possibilities in terms of their design and functionality. The company invests significantly in RD, so it is able to come up with new innovative products quickly which can satisfy the needs of various customers. It also improves Samsung’s image as an environment-friendly company as they boast of innovative energy-efficient refrigerators, mercuryfree backlights for LCD displayers or lead-free products as proof of their environmental concern. ii. Emerging Asian Markets: Leading technology companies are shifting their production base to Asia, particularly China and SouthEast Asia to take advantage of lower production costs and growing purchasing power of citizens. Those countries represent highly lucrative and attractive markets and provide good growth prospects for Samsung. Its products enjoy an excellent reception in these markets. ii. Growing Global Demand for Modern Technology: Wireless communication chips, LCD-TV panels, 3G technologies and so on are examples of products and industries with enormous growth potential. The LCD-TV market alone grew over 20 million units in 2005. Samsung is well-positioned to benefit from growing demand for those products and ready to win the correspond ing market share. Threats i. Consolidation in the PC Business: The PC business, the largest customer segment of the computer storage devices industry is consolidating. Mergers and acquisitions have resulted in the formation of large clients with higher bargaining power. This is expected to further reduce margins of computer products including monitors, LCD panels and printers thus affecting the Samsung’s margins. Page | 13 ii. Unfavourable Products Specifics and Market Developments: Electronic devices and especially computer hardware and software tend to have short lifecycles which makes their manufactures work on new improved ones all the time. Moreover the market developments in the sector may force a company to reconsider its strategy quite often. This may be the case for Samsung right now that demand is gradually shifting from performance-driven products to entertainment-driven ones like MP3. The demand for DRAM is related to the demand for PCs and for this reason the market for those products is also currently experiencing a slowdown. iii. Image Problems: After getting rid of its poor standing in America in the 1980s and 1990s, when Samsung was selling lowcost and unreliable TVs and microwaves in discount chains, there came the cases of stealing know-how and technology from Japanese competitors, price fixing in some of the company’s business and the chairman receiving an honorary doctorate of a university to which Samsung had earlier donated a large amount of money. These scandals have undermined the company’s image and proven that big and strong brands are vulnerable and exposed. Samsung is now on its way to recover its image; however similar situations in the future may result in a negative brand perception. This would have a lasting effect on sales and general economic performance. iv. Intense Competition: The company’s competitors include LG Electronics, Sony Philips, Nokia and Motorola which are large multinationals with global operations and strong performances. Most of these companies are wellpositioned to match Samsung’s capabilities, if not surpassing it. Intense competition can decrease its market share and adversely affect its already diminishing overall economic performance. v. High Raw Material Prices: The price of copper had soared up in July 2006 by four times compared to 2002 levels. During that period the raw material cost highly increased and hampered in the company’s profits. Page | 14 4. Sustainability Samsung Sustainability Performance, Source: Samsung Sustainability Report 2008 Samsung has designated Economic, Environmental and Social responsibilities as the key elements of their sustainable management. Integrating corporate management and sustainable development is an issue of increasing importance in the business world and in today’s increasing expectations for social and environmental responsibility. In response to it, Samsung has been improving the process of collecting stakeholder’s ideas and setting up corporate-wide vision and strategies for sustainable development. Samsung commits to give continuity: ? ? ? To identify various stakeholders Build positive relationships within Ultimately enhance the value for both the company and stake holders Page | 15 5. Strategy Samsung’s journey towards design excellence started in 1993 when Lee realized that Samsung was paying too much attention to volumes and the cost of production, while ignoring customer value. And therefore he decided to make high quality, exciting products in order to survive in the business world. Although Samsung had no problems in funding and creating the design infrastructure, it faced a more difficult task in convincing the rank and file at the company that design was necessary for survival and growth. Most of the employees were more concerned about costs and volumes than design because it was all about keeping the price down and outselling. In 1996, Lee announced the Year of Design Revolution declaring that design would be Samsung’s strategic edge and priority for investment. Their first Design Revolution was highly encouraged by the traditional Korean culture Taeguk, the dual principle of Yin and Yang, where the company enhanced it’s visualization on the basis of company’s tone and manner and design principles. The overarching theme was harmony expressed by the phrase â€Å"balance of reason and feeling† (Freeze Chung, 2008). REASON Life styling: Compared Lifestyle needs: Problems, trends, behaviour, Values, Unmet needs Innovative: Stay One Step Ahead: Differentiate, Fresh, Inspiring, Clever, unique ideas Coherent: Balance Consistency and Variety: Identifiable, Unified, Market-sensitive, Integral FEELING Harmonies: Harmonize with Environment: Systems, Safety, Green, Appropriateness, Accord Intuitive: Convey Agreeable Use and Meaning: Instinctive, Direct, Friendly, Simple Interactive: Design for the Experience: Exciting, Fun, Sensible, Cool, Satisfying Reason Rational Intellectual Technological Feeling Emotional Adaptable Humanistic Harmony An enterprise’s most vital assets lie in its design and other creative capabilities. I believe that the ultimate winners in the twenty-first century will be determined by these skills. I have designated 1996 as the year of Design Revolution for all Samsung products. Let us focus our strength in developing unique designs that reflect the Samsung philosophy and sou l. † – Chairman Kun-Hee Lee, New Year’s Address, 1996 (Freeze Chung, 2008) Page | 16 â€Å"The future is not to be predicted. It is to be created. – Samsung Analyst Day 2005 The second Design Revolution was into a real action by creating 4 principles: 1. Create remarkable designs and establish a user interface (UI) identity 2. Recruit and secure the world’s best designers 3. Nurture a creative corporate environment 4. Reinforce its casting technology infrastructure Concurrent with these design goals, by the end of the year Samsung had revealed technical powers in several domains, introducing world’s first in the memory, mobile phone and TV business. The World’s most valuable brands, 2006 Source: Interbrand Page | 17 5. 1 Manufacturing Strategy Samsung has implemented a strategy of in-house production and investment in manufacturing research and development. Samsung’s primary manufacturing emphasis is on the assembly, efficient movement of material in its logistics operations, precision assembly and packaging and it achieves speed and maximum factory efficiency through minimum capital investment through constant innovation geared towards productivity. For instance, we can take an example of the manufacturing strategies of mobile phones and digital media. a. Mobile Phones Samsung’s strategy is based upon mid and high pricing that leads to higher margins. Samsung is focusing on implementing the newest technologies thus its products are amongst the top in the handset market. Progressive technologies combined with avant-grade designs trends providing a strong foundation of its position specially the clamshell and slide exterior that fashionably package the latest technology. In addition the speed of implementing a new product is very short: 5 months in comparison to Samsung’s competitor’s timelines of approximately 14 months (Kamath et al. 006). Samsung envisions prevailing as the world’s leading brand in the handset area. The main strategy for reaching this goal is â€Å"Next Generation Technology Leadership†, whereby Samsung wants to be the first mover into new technology. b. Digital Media Revenues in the area of digital media have been growing for Samsung steadily by 10 % annually with more than 80% of sales being foreign markets since 1999. Samsung achieved aggressive cost reductions from $20 per inch to $7 per inch leading to sales of 100 million units in 2005 in the field of LCD monitors (Kamath et al. 2006). However this industry is characterised by short life cycle, increase in size, multifunction products, networking, greater accessibility and convergence of products. Other challenges include low entrance barriers which bring about countless competition, price erosion and decline in profit rate that creates rapid price decrease and constantly narrowing price gap between competitors in the industry. Its historical success in introducing several ground-breaking products such as the world’s largest LCD TV and world’s fastest colour laser printer position it well to achieve its objectives. Samsung intends to focus intensively on design rather than pricing. The impetus can be seen in the number of design awards won by Samsung between 2001 and 2005 (19 awards) surpassing design-oriented companies such as Apple, IBM and NIKE. Page | 18 5. 2 Marketing Strategies Using the mid and premium price portfolio, Samsung is focusing on marketing premium products. The higher pricing on these products helps achieve significant margins that lead to healthy revenues, which fund marketing activities, designing and technological improvements that improve Samsung’s position in the market. Samsung’s marketing strategy is shifting from awareness to preferences. The target audience of the brand is changing from sensible brand buyers to high life seeker. The brand focus is on promoting an easier, richer and more enjoyable life through technology allowing unlimited living (Kamath et al. 2006). The marketing is targeted towards an expected consumer pool compromising of young style-conscious, technology-savvy customers who pursue intuitive simplicity and appropriate passion, performance, creativity, excellence and fulfilment. Samsung wants to become an icon brand through product, brand and customer leadership. Product leadership can be achieved through meeting consumer needs and pioneer launches, brands leadership through premium branding consistency and strong emotional bounding and customer leadership through long-term partnerships with customer. 5. 3 Getting Close to Consumer Vice President of Design Research Lab Young Jun Kim explained the difference between marketing research and design research. According to him, marketing research is focused on the current solution like market share and so on but design research is focused on user behaviour and user experience. So Samsung designers visited people in their homes to see how they actually used products. This approach resulted in designs that translated into profits in the market and that won the designers respect and cooperation from the engineers and marketers. Samsung has learned to understand design as business. The core of Samsung is highly dependent on its product design. Samsung shows passion in the field of Future, Curiosity, Building, Growth, Challenge and Details by supporting communities, cultures and environment. Samsung believes respecting communication and encouragement are the keys to success. We have no crystal ball but we are working on many promising technologies in our labs†, states one of the designers of Samsung and promises to deliver hopes and dreams to the diversified cultures as well as disadvantaged group in society with satisfaction and happiness bridging great distances between people and products. Page | 19 â€Å"We believe in a better world† – S amsung Slogan The following are some basic artefacts of Samsung: New innovations and ideas help to make life more convenient, anytime, anywhere†¦ Samsung has always been a strong supporter of culture and artistic heritage. It takes great length to make products green by making them more energy efficient. Understanding customers’ need and anticipating how they are changing; always looking ahead to answer â€Å"What’s next? † Samsung Next is What? Source: Samsung Company Website Page | 20 6. Design at Samsung 6. 1 Design Management Team Organizational chart of the Corporate Design Centre, January 2006. Source: Company document Page | 21 6. 2 Award Winning Products Samsung had a string of design success in the 2000s. For example, the Syncmaster series of LCD monitors was lauded for its simple design and went to win several awards. Samsung Home Appliances Figure 1 three hinged, flat folding monitor Figure 3 refrigerators Figure 2 LCD TV Figure 5 vacuum cleaners Figure 4 washing machines and dryers Page | 22 Products: Samsung Electronics Figure 6 LCD monitors Figure 7 laptops Figure 8 MP3 players Figure 9 cameras and camcorders Figure 10 cell phones Page | 23 7. Samsung Mobiles The commercialization of Samsung handsets started in 1996 with CDMA Handset System gradually developing into GSM Handset in 1997. In 2000, Samsung commercialized World’s first Handset systemCDM A20001X. After gradual manufacturing of Samsung mobile series in 2008, it became the world’s second largest mobile phone maker after Nokia. With its continuous new technology and innovation, Samsung always created the newest and smartest design targeted to the youth. 7. 1 Samsung Mobile Competitions World Market Western Europe / Northern America 19. 1% 25% 36. 2% 21. 1% 9. 9% 16. 1% 6. 2% 9. 6% 5. 4% 6. 5% The market status 2009 shows that Samsung mobile leads the Western Europe and Northern America whereas in the world market, its biggest competitor is Nokia mobiles. Samsung holds second position in consumerism. Market Status 2009 Page | 24 7. 2 Criticism Jim Wicks, vice president of Motorolla Inc. said, â€Å"Samsung has improved, but I don’t see an identity in their design that really speaks to consumers†. Some critics commented that even if Samsung’s design capabilities had improved greatly, the company still lacked a coherent design. A lot of critics and business analysts criticized Samsung mainly on the idea of not appealing to the customer and not aligning their image properly. Other critics said that the company still did not have the design culture of Apple Computer Corp. or the breadth and depth in design that Sony possessed. During the past decade, this engineering-driven company had given way to innovative, design-driven company with a lot of focus on RD. however, despite worldwide design awards and engineering accolades, the â€Å"iconic† product available in the world such as the Apple iphone and Blackberry are much more popular than the Samsung phones. Page | 25 8. Samsung Visual Communication (Advertising) 8. Culture (Semiotics and Social Semiotics) I perceive Samsung as an international award winning brand, applicable to all users from the very sophisticated high level to the middle class group. It is compiled with latest technology, smartness, sleek and shine attitude, personality, elegance, distinctive, cool, wide colour range and affordable price. Samsung claims to be there for the whole family and not only for a special age group. Samsu ng electronics are designed in the simplest yet elegance style suitable from a housewife to an executive. From early teens to the old ones, all are Samsung’s target market with the range and varieties it provides with its holistic design approach for both gender. The main attraction of Samsung is the colour that it focuses on its every product and advertisement. The true natural colour reveals the power of Samsung and its effectiveness especially in its TV and LCD monitors. Black, silver, white, red, yellow are the primary colours that Samsung uses in its products. Page | 26 8. 2 Good life: Samsung provides an incredible valuable and luxury life by providing exclusive products in an affordable range for all people. It is bridging the gap between the product and its company so that everyone can dream of possessing Samsung to feel superior and powerful and rich. 8. 3 Gender, age, class: it mainly focuses on both genders equally depending upon the product design suitable to every age group, from cool teens to the high executive professionals. It demonstrates typical Asian style with cuteness and innocent personality for the Asian market and bold and beautiful stylish blonde models for the Western market. Samsung has a global audience in terms of its products. Page | 27 Bollywood superstar Amir Khan posing for the Samsung CDMA music phones. Similarly another celebrity, a female Pop singer and a Diva Beyonce Knowels is also seen in an advertising of Samsung mobile. It is trying to allure people towards the celebrity lifestyle by using celebrities as their brand ambassador and inspiring people to feel like a celebrity. By these advertisements, I feel that Samsung encloses all the diversified group of people from school and college students to the 8. 4 Celebrities Following advertisement is in the left is an Indian Samsung advertisement with a Page | 28 rofessionals, from housewives to independent career women. 8. 5 Psychoanalysis The other advertisement of Samsung TV focuses on the human emotions like love and Samsung is basically dedicated to the home and family so it more often communicates in a simple and more decent language for all age group. However in the above ad of Samsung Vacuum Cleaner, it shows a different aspect of communication to its au dience with a touch of sexuality and glamour in a very distinctive and appropriate way. Samsung visual happiness, relationships, togetherness and a dream. The graphic advertisement below is of Samsung washing machine, which shows the just the materials (shirt and colour) without any human activity but still it gives out the message about the characteristics and advantage of the product. communication is always criticized for being unappealing to the consumers but this ad has a very powerful message showing the effectiveness of the product. The focus is on the model who is shown naked from side in one image and the other image with her lingerie being held by the vacuum cleaner. It gives a clear meaning on the use and power of the products. This ad definitely appealed me and lured me to buy this product. Similarly, this one also shows the innovation and power of Samsung mobiles in a unique style encouraging people to express their talents and personalities. Page | 29 9. Conclusion Samsung Electronics have been trading and manufacturing electronic goods for nearly 70 years and today it has become one of the world’s leading electronics companies specializing in digital appliances and media, semiconductors, memory and system integration. Today Samsung’s innovation and top quality products and processes are world recognized. It is the only company to achieve the highest quantity of design awards in 2011 2005 for its cutting edge designs and styles (13 products including TFT-LCDs, monitors and CDMA mobile phones). Samsung is found No. 1 in customer loyalty for 8 years consecutively by Brand Keys of the USA. Samsung has built the World’s largest mobile phone as recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records. It also received a â€Å"Quality Management Award† in Malaysia. Samsung started its journey from 1938 and started diversifying in the field of industries and electronics since 1970. It entered into the Global market in the 1980s and enhanced itself competing in the changing Tech World from 1990. Since 1994 it implemented design theory into practice and evolved into becoming a Global force and by 1997 advancing into a Digital Frontier to become a Pioneer of the Digital Age today since 2000. Samsung sold more than 20 million full touch phones in shortest time ever and took up high share market in LCD monitors. It sold 500,000 units of its LED TVs in 100 days since its release. It released world’s first solar-powered mobile phone in India and first infrared video phone. It sold 50 million touch screen phones in 2 years. Samsung became No. 1 in the US digital TV market for the 4 th consecutive year. Samsung now has announced its â€Å"Green Management† strategy to sustain in the world of Competition. Samsung used Design based strategy to enhance their consumerism and revenue always coming up with new idea and innovation in every product especially in terms of cell phones. It holds second position in the World market after Nokia and is planning to become number one in the near future. Page | 30 10. Recommendation Samsung is a well established brand that has a diverse product portfolio and is aggressively pushing for RD so as to innovate stylish, user-friendly and functional products that are priced competitively. It is facing intense competition and rising costs of raw materials due to globalization. Therefore Samsung has recently experienced a decline in its performance. It needs to improve in brand image and continue diversifying its product portfolio to prevent overdependence on the semi-conductor business while concentrating on its core competencies in the electronics industry. It possess the capability of increased expansion in the Asian Market but needs to tailor its marketing and business strategies to better suit the tastes and circumstances of these markets. Especially India and China can be the best option for Samsung because they both possess an escalating middle class that is becoming more affluent, consumerist and brand conscious. India is the world’s fastest growing wireless services market and hence offers a huge market for mobile phones due to poor land telecommunication infrastructure. And it is the same with the rural part of China. So Samsung can fascinate the Chinese market by its cutting edge design since Chinese markets are becoming more design oriented with additional quality control measures, excellent customer service and brand reputation. I believe this will help Samsung to become number one consumerist and corporate in Asian market by leading these two huge markets in terms of brand image, customer service, innovative technology, extraordinary quality control and sleek and shine designs for today’s generation. Page | 31 11. References Freeze, K J. Chung, K 2008, Design Strategy at Samsung Electronics: Becoming a Top-Tier Company, Design Management Institute, Boston Case Study: Samsung Electronics: Success by Design, 2006 viewed 15 June 2011 Samsung Corporate Profile, Samsung Electronics 1995 2011, viewed 4 June 2011 Samsung History, Samsung Mobiles, viewed 5 June 2011 http://www. samsung-mobiles. net/history-ofsamsung. html Samsung Annual report, Samsung Official Website, viewed 20 June 2011 Luk e W, Design Vision: In Korean, viewed 20 June 2011, Rocks D Jhlwan M, Samsung Design, viewed 20 June 2011 http://businessweek. om Verganti R, Managing design-driven innovation for competitive advantage, viewed 20 June 2011 Wikipedia, Samsung, viewed 5 June 2011 Kamath S, Kulheyko I, Kuvik I Niziolek P, 2006, A Historic and Strategic Overview of South Korea’s Champion Chaebol: Samsung Electronics, viewed 25 June 2011 Page | 32 12. Appendix Managing Resources for Competitive Advantage Master of Design Assessor: Ross Spence Assignment Presented by Sushma Shrestha A worldwide leading electronic company Page | 33 Introduction Industry: Conglomerate Founded: 1938 Founder: Lee Byung-Chull Headquarters: Samsung Town, Seoul, South Korea Employees: 173,965 ( June 30, 2010) RD: USD5. 34 Billion Financial Highlights 2009 Samsung Financial Highlights 2009 Revenue: USD 172. 5 Billion Total Assets: USD 294. 5 Billion Net Revenue Income: Income Total Assets Total Equity Net USD 13. 8 Billion $ 13. 8 $ 112. 5 $ 294. 5 $ 172. 5 Billion Billion billion Equity: Billion Total USD 112. 5 Billion Page | 34 Philosophy evote talent and technology to creating superior products and services that contributes to a better global society Values People Excellence Change Integrity Coprosperity Page | 35 Vision â€Å"Inspire the World, Create the Future† Creative solutions Industry New techonology Innovative Products Partner Employee comply with laws and ethical standards Principles maintain a clean organisational culture Samsung Business Principles respect customers, shareholders and employees care for environmen t, health and safety socially responsible corporate citizens Page | 36 Achievements IDEA ( Industrial Design Excellence Awards) 2006: Gold Award for Touch Screen Messenger 2006: Silver Award for Portable Digital Projector 2001-2005: 19 Awards for Cutting Edge Designs surpassing the design Company like Apple, Sony and NIKE Competition Samsung Market Share 2004 Page | 37 Distribution SWOT Analysis Strengths i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Market Leading Products Diversified Business Portfolio Strong Brand and Global Presence High Returns Strategic Alliances Focus on Research Development Page | 38 SWOT Analysis Weakness . Poor Economic Performance ii. Bad Product Reception iii. High Dependence on One Business SWOT Analysis Opportunities i. Operating in an industrial with much possibility for innovation ii. Emerging Asian Markets iii. Growing Global Demand for Modern Technology Page | 39 SWOT Analysis Threats i. Consolidation in the PC Business ii. Unfavorable Products Specifics and Market Developments iii. Image Problems iv. Intense Competition v. High R aw Material Prices Page | 40 Strategy Design based STRATEGY ‘The future is not be predicted. It is to be created† Samsung Analyst Day 2005 Strategy â€Å"Balance of Reason Feeling† Harmony Reason Rational Intellectual Technological Feeling Emotional Adaptable Humanistic Page | 41 Products Design Centre Organizational Chart Page | 42 The beginning of Samsung mobile †¢ †¢ †¢ 1996: Commercialization of CDMA Handset/System 1997: Commercialization of GSM Handset 2000: Commercialization of World’s first Handset/System CDMA2000 1X 2002: Commercialization of World’s first Handset/System CDMA2000 1X EV-DO 2008: Samsung became the world’s 2nd largest mobile phone maker after Nokia Mobile Phones †¢ †¢ World Market Western Europe / Northern America 19. 1% 25% 36. 2% 21. 1% 9. 9% 16. 1% 6. 2% 9. 6% 5. 4% 6. 5% Market Status 2009 Page | 43 Dilemma Samsung’s Design vs. Market Page | 44 †¢ Touch screen †¢ 3 MP auto focus camera †¢ Video recording †¢ Voice Control †¢ Digital Compass †¢ Cut, Copy Paste †¢ MMS †¢ Spotlight Search †¢ Landscape keyboard †¢ Voice Memos †¢ Stay in touch †¢ GPS capabilities †¢ Entertainment on the go †¢ Camera and video recording †¢ Media player †¢ Roxio media manager †¢ Browse, shop and buy †¢ Blackberry wallet †¢ Ticket master Page | 45 What’s Next on Samsung? A design that would beat the iphone and Blackberry market Elegance, smart, and technology Page | 46 Competitive Designs Advertising Page | 47 Conclusions Samsung started journey from 1938 and diversified in electronics industry since 1970 Applied design based strategy to compete in the market Implemented design theory into practice since 1994 and won many awards becoming a Pioneer of Digital Age since 2000 Competitive Advantage RD Innovation Employee Culture Page | 48 THANK YOU Page | 49

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